TIRF is a technique used to image a thin region (less than 200nm) close to the surface of a specimen at high resolution. This is useful in cell and molecular biology to observe events occurring on cellular surfaces such as cell adhesion, binding of hormones, secretion of neurotransmitters, and membrane dynamics.
On a TIRF microscope, the illumination and excitation light is directed at such an angle to the sample that it is totally internally reflected. When this happens, there is a small evanescent wave that passes through the sample and allows for the selective excitation of the fluorophores in a restricted region of the specimen immediately adjacent to the glass-water interface. The associated electromagnetic field decays exponentially from the interface, and thus penetrates to a depth of only approximately 100 nm into the sample.
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